аспирант с 01.01.2024 по 01.01.2025
В статье впервые обобщаются результаты лонгитюдных ЭЭГ-исследований, проведенных на нейротипичных популяциях. Цель – выявить ключевые направления лонгитюдных ЭЭГ-исследований на нейротипичных популяциях, малоисследованные аспекты, а также обобщить основные результаты в рамках каждого из направлений. В результате выявлено 4 основных направления исследований: возрастные изменения ЭЭГ, изменения ЭЭГ после воздействия, ЭЭГ-предикторы социально-эмоциональной сферы, ЭЭГ-предикторы когнитивных навыков. В исследованиях возрастных изменений ЭЭГ описывается снижение апериодической активности мозга в младенческом возрасте, а также снижение активности на низких частотах (дельта- и тета-диапазоны) и повышение активности на высоких частотах (альфа- и бета-диапазоны) как в покое, так и во время сна в детском и подростковом возрасте. В исследованиях изменения ЭЭГ после воздействия подчеркивается влияние медитаций и тренингов осознанности на функционирование мозга (снижение числа и мощности микросостояний) и поведенческие характеристики (повышение стрессоустойчивости и осознанности). В исследованиях социально-эмоциональной сферы раскрывается важность асимметрии активации во фронтальных долях (большая активация в правом полушарии) как предиктора ряда неадаптивных поведенческих черт – общей и социальной тревожности, стеснительности, предпочтения стратегий избегания. Особенно выражена эта связь для лиц, имеющих поведенческие предрасположенности к развитию данных признаков. В исследованиях когнитивных навыков сообщается о большей локализации нейронной активации в ответ на задачу у детей старшего возраста, что связано с улучшением выполнения заданий по мере взросления. Высокая синхронизация различных ритмов также связана с высокими когнитивными способностями у детей и взрослых. Сделан вывод о необходимости проведения лонгитюдных ЭЭГ-исследований, посвященных развитию когнитивных навыков у подростков.
ЭЭГ, лонгитюдные исследования, возрастные изменения, когнитивные навыки, личностные черты
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